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Translation Techniques
Taken From A Defending The King James Bible, By D. A. Waite
August 22, 2001 Bibliology - Lesson #12

  1. FAITHFULNESS OF THE KING JAMES TRANSLATIONS
    1. Team Technique
      1. There were 57 translators of the King James Version
      2. Five rules for translation
        1. Rule #8 B A Every particular man of each company to undertake the same chapter or chapters, and having translated or amended them severally by himself where he thinketh good, all to meet together to confer when they have done, and agree for their parts what shall stand@ [Paine, The Men Behind The King James Version. Op. Cit., p. 71]
        2. Rule #9 B A As any one company has dispatched any one book in this manner they shall send it to the rest to be considered of seriously and judiciously, for His Majesty is very careful in this point.@ [Pain, The Men Behind The King James Version, op. Cit. p. 71]
        3. Rule #10 B A If any company upon the review of the book so sent doubt or differ upon any place, to send them word thereof with the place and withal send the reasons; to which if they consent tnot the difference to be compounded at the general meeting which is to be of the chief persons of each company at the end of the work. (Thus in the end they all had to agree enough to let all readings pass.)@
        4. Rule #11 B A When any place of special obscurity be doubted of, letters to be directed by authority to send to any learned man in the land for his judgment of such a place.@
        5. Rule #12 B A Letters to be sent from every bishop to the rest of his clergy admonishing them of his translation in hand and to move and charge as many as being skillful in the tongues, and having taken pains in that way to send his particular observations to the Company either at Westminster, Cambridge or Oxford. (This indicates that many must have aided in the work.)@
      3. Translated 14 different times
        1. The Team Technique is that of different people translating the manuscripts and then everyone else checking the translation, then everyone agreeing before it is given its final form.
        2. Six groups worked on the translation of the KJV
          1. Seven original individual translations
          2. One time as a group
          3. Five more times by the other groups
          4. A final revision by two men from each group.
    2. Translation was done by the Verbal and Formal Translation Technique or Verbal Equivalence method.
      1. This is a literal word-for-word translation of the original languages.
      2. When an appropriate English word was need to make the English sense, the word was added and place in italics so that the reader would know that this word is not in the original language. This is honest literal or verbal translation.
      3. The word TRANSLATION literally means A to carry across.@ This is what is to be done in translation.
      4. This method is used throughout the entire translation of the KJV.

  2. FAILURE OF MODERN TRANSLATIONS TO PROPERLY TRANSLATE
    1. Dynamic Equivalence or Idiomatic Technique of Translation
      1. Dynamic means A change.@
      2. Paraphrase means A to say the same thing in other words ... To express, interpret or translate with latitude.@
      3. All translations of the Bible after the KJV have used the Dynamic Equivalence method of translation.
      4. This gives the translators the latitude they need to change words here and there and to make rough translations from the original languages.
      5. In the Dynamic Equivalence technique, there are no italicized words, because the translators feel that their rough translations should be good enough for the reader, and the added or deleted words should not be questioned.
      6. We will see some examples later.
    2. Transformational Grammar
      1. This is a process whereby the forms of grammar are changed during the process of translation.
      2. The subjunctive mood of the Greek, Hebrew and English grammar are alike.
        1. But under the Dynamic Equivalence Technique, the translators took the liberty to eliminate the subjunctive mood in English when translating it from the Greek and Hebrew.
        2. Example of mood change
          1. Luke 22:61 And the Lord turned, and looked upon Peter. And Peter remembered the word of the Lord, how he had said unto him, Before the cock crow, thou shalt deny me thrice.
          2. Luke 22:61-62 61 The Lord turned and looked straight at Peter. Then Peter remembered the word the Lord had spoken to him: "Before the rooster crows today, you will disown me three times." 62 And he went outside and wept bitterly. NIV
        3. Example of noun and pronoun change
          1. Lev. 8:15 B MOSES took the blood (KJV)
          2. Lev. 8:15 B HE took the blood (NIV)
          3. 1 Timothy 3:16 GOD was manifested in the flesh (KJV)
          4. 1 Timothy 3:16 HE appeared in a body (NIV) -- Who appeared?
        4. Example of paraphrase rather than translation
          1. Job 3:11 Why died I not from the womb? (KJV)
          2. New King James says, A Why died I not AT BIRTH (NKJV)
          3. NKJV changes PASTORS to RULERS and PALACE to TEMPLES, etc.
      3. Redundancies
        1. When redundancies are found, which are present in the original languages, they are not always brought over into the English but subtracted; because the translators think they are not necessary.
        2. Example: Luke 1:18 And Zacharias said unto the angel, Whereby shall I know this? for I am an old man, and my wife well stricken in years. KJV

  3. THE FUTURE OF TRANSLATIONS
    1. New is better B But that which is new is not necessarily true.
    2. Footnotes (New King James Version)
    3. Future translations may be made from now modern translations using the Dynamic Equivalence Technique. This will make future Bibles even less like the original scriptures.
    4. Then this is expanded in lexicons, theologies, etc.

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